invention

Li-Fi (Light Fidelity)-The future technology In Wireless communication

Abstract:

Whether you’re using wireless internet in a coffee shop,stealing it from the guy next door, or competing for bandwidth at a conference, you have probably gotten frustrated at the slow speeds you face when more than one device is tapped into the network. As more and more people and their many devices access wireless internet, clogged airwaves are going to make it. One germen phycist.Harald Haas has come up with a solution he calls “data through illumination” –taking the fibber out of fiber optic by sending data through an LED light bulb that varies in intensity faster than the human eye can follow. It’s the same idea band behind infrared remote controls but far

more powerful. Haas says his invention, which he calls DLIGHT, can produce data rates faster than 10 megabits per second, which is speedier than your average broadband connection. He envisions a future where data for laptops, smart phones, and tablets is transmitted through the light in a room. And security would be snap – if you can’t see the light, you can’t access the data.

Keywords: LED (Light emitted diode), Wi-Fi, VLC

LiFi is transmission of data through illumination by taking the fiber out of fiber optics by sending data through a LED light bulb that varies in intensity faster than the human eye can follow.Li-Fi is the term some have used to label the fast and cheap wireless-communication system, which is the optical version of Wi-Fi. The term was first used in this context by Harald Haas in his TED Global talk on Visible Light Communication. “At the heart of this technology is a new generation of high brightness light-emitting diodes”, says Harald Haas from the University of Edinburgh, UK,”Very simply, if the LED is on, you transmit a digital 1, if it’s off you transmit a 0,”Haas says, “They can be switched on and off very quickly, which gives nice opportunities for transmitted

data.”It is possible to encode data in the light by varying the rate at which the LEDs flicker on and off to give different strings of 1s and 0s.The LED intensity is modulated so rapidly that human eye cannot notice, so the output appears constant. More sophisticated techniques could dramatically increase VLC data rate. Terms at the University of Oxford and the University of Edingburgh are focusing on parallel data transmission using array of LEDs, where each LED transmits a different data stream. Other group are using mixtures of red, green and blue LEDs to alter the light frequency encoding a different data channel.Li-Fi, as it has been dubbed, has already achieved blisteringly high speed in the lab. Researchers at the Heinrich Hertz Institute in Berlin,Germany,have reached data rates of over 500 megabytes per second using a standard

white-light LED. The technology was demonstrated at the 2012 Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas using a pair of Casio smart phones to exchange data using light of varying intensity given off from their screens, detectable at a distance of up to ten metres.

In October 2011 a number of companies and industry groups formed the Li-Fi Consortium, to promote high-speed optical wireless systems and to overcome the limited amount of radiobased

wireless spectrum available by exploiting a completely different part of the electromagnetic spectrum. The consortium believes it is possible to achieve more than 10 Gbps,

theoretically allowing a high-definition film to be downloaded in 30 seconds.

WORKING TECHNOLOGY

This brilliant idea was first showcased by Harald Haas from University of Edinburgh, UK, in his TED Global talk on VLC. He explained,” Very simple, if the LED is on, you transmit a digital 1, if it’s off you transmit a 0. The LEDs can be switched on and off very quickly, which gives nice

opportunities for transmitting data.” So what you require at all are some LEDs and a controller that code data into those LEDs. We have to just vary the rate at which the LED’s flicker depending upon the data we want to encode. Further enhancements can be made in this method, like using an array of LEDs for parallel data transmission, or using mixtures of red, green and blue LEDs to alter the light’s frequency with each frequency encoding a different data channel. Such advancements promise a theoretical speed of 10 Gbps – meaning you can download a full high-definition film in just 30 seconds. Simply awesome! But blazingly fast data rates and depleting bandwidths worldwide are not the only reasons that give this technology an upper hand. Since Li-Fi uses just the light, it can be used safely in aircrafts and hospitals that are prone to interference from radio waves. This can even work underwater where Wi-Fi fails completely, thereby throwing open endless opportunities for military operations. Imagine only needing to hover under a street lamp to get public internet access, or downloading a movie from the lamp

on your desk. There's a new technology on the block which could, quite literally as well as metaphorically, 'throw light on' how to meet the ever-increasing demand for high-speed wireless connectivity. Radio waves are replaced by light waves in a new method of data transmission which is being called Li-Fi.Light-emitting diodes can be switched on and off faster than the human eye can detect, causing the light source to appear to be on continuously. A flickering light can be

incredibly annoying, but has turned out to have its upside, being precisely what makes it possible to use light for wireless data transmission.

 Light-emitting diodes (commonly referred to as LEDs and found in traffic and street lights, car brake lights, remote control units and countless other applications) can be switched on and off faster than the human eye can detect, causing the light source to appear to be on continuously, even though it is in fact 'flickering'. This invisible on-off activity enables a kind of data transmission using binary codes: switching on an LED is a logical '1', switching it off is a logical '0'. Information can therefore be encoded in the light by varying the rate at which the LED flicker on and off to give different strings of 1s and 0s. This method of using rapid pulses of light to transmit information wirelessly is technically referred to as Visible Light Communication (VLC), though it’s potential to compete with conventional Wi-Fi has inspired the popular characterization Li-Fi.

How it is different?

Li-Fi technology is based on LEDs for the transfer of data. The transfer of the data can be with the help of all kinds of light, no matter the part of the spectrum that they belong. That is, the light can belong to the invisible, ultraviolet or the visible part of the spectrum. Also, the speed of the internet is incredibly high and you can download movies, games, music etc in just a few minutes with the help of this technology. Also, the technology removes limitations that have been put on the user by the Wi-Fi. You no more need to be in a region that is Wi-Fi enabled to have access to the internet. You can simply stand under any form of light and surf the internet as the connection is made in case of any light presence. There cannot be anything better than this technology.

CONCLUSION

The possibilities are numerous and can be explored further. If his technology can be put into practical use, every bulb can be used something like a Wi-Fi hotspot to transmit wireless data and we will proceed toward the cleaner, greener, safer and brighter future. The concept of Li-Fi is currently attracting a great deal of interest, not least because it may offer a genuine and very efficient alternative to radio-based wireless. As a

growing number of people and their many devices access wireless internet, the airwaves are becoming increasingly clogged, making it more and more difficult to get a reliable, high-speed signal. This may solve issues such as the shortage of radio-frequency bandwidth and also allow internet where traditional radio based wireless isn’t allowed such as aircraft or hospitals. One of the shortcomings however is that it only work in direct line of sight.

U1 - Homework 2

U1- Homework 3

1. Communication engineer - managing projects and attending regular meetings to discuss the best way to move projects forward;
participating in conference calls and meetings to discuss products, action plans and team performance;
attending briefings on new networks and new products;
managing resources, including budgets, physical resources and staff;
preparing high-quality written reports and presentations for management and customer review;
ensuring that projects are delivered on time, within budget and to agreed standards of quality.

2. Electronic information engineering - "Electronic and Information Engineering helps you
understand the entire stack of modern networked computers, from the design and architecture
of the CPU in a smart-phone, to the information theory and wireless protocols connecting it to
the internet, and the operating systems and databases providing back-end support in the cloud."

3. Electronic machine engineering - Softeq has taken a hand in production of complex hi-end solutions,
sophisticated gadgets, and sleek handheld devices, bringing them from concept through requirements
to field trials and production. They have been the result of a collaborative effort of the company’
s electrical design team working closely with software engineers on developing and
integrating electronic components, as well as firmware technologies and software systems.

4. Flight engineer - A flight engineer (FE), also sometimes called an air engineer, is the member of an aircraft's flight crew who monitors and operates its complex aircraft systems. In the early era of aviation, the position
 was sometimes referred to as the "air mechanic". Flight engineers can still be found on some
larger fixed-wing airplanes, and rotary wing helicopters. A similar crew position exists on some
spacecraft. For U.S. civilian aircraft that require a flight engineer as part of the crew, the FE
must possess an FAA Flight Engineer certificate with reciprocating, turboprop, or turbojet ratings
appropriate to the aircraft. Whereas the four-engine Douglas DC-4 did not require an FE, the FAA
Type Certificates of subsequent four engine reciprocating engine airplanes (DC-6, DC-7, Constellation, Boeing 307 and 377)
and early three- and four-engine jets (Boeing 707, 727, early 747, DC-10) required flight engineers. Later three- and four-engine jets (MD-11, B-747-400 and later) were designed with sufficient automation to eliminate the position.
Not all large aircraft were designed and built with a flight engineer's position, and in many, if
 not most modern aircraft, their complex systems are both monitored and adjusted by electronic
microprocessors and computers, resulting in the elimination of the flight engineer's position.

5. Power Engineering - The course is based on the presenter’s 2011 book (CRC Press) “Electrical
Calculations and Guidelines for Generating Stations and Industrial Plants”, associated EE Helper
 Power Engineering software program, and an IEEE transaction paper entitled "Improving Bulk Power
 Electrical System Reliability at Large Generating Station Locations" (Presentedat the 2014 Texas
 A&M Conference for Protective Relay Engineers).

6. Nuclear Engineering - Nuclear engineering is the branch of engineering concerned with the application
of the breakdown (fission) as well as the fusion of atomic nuclei and/or the application of other
sub-atomic physics, based on the principles of nuclear physics.


7. Software Engineer - USRA is seeking a Sr. Software Engineer to assist in the development and test
of concepts and algorithms for "detect-and-avoid" (DAA) systems for unmanned aircraft systems (UAS).
 The incumbent will work in a small team of highly motivated software developers and aviation researchers
that is central to the national effort to establish minimum operating performance standards (MOPS)
for DAA systems, a key step in the process to safely integrate UAS into routine airspace operations.
 The incumbent will collaborate with the Project Engineer and the Software Lead and advise junior
team members in matters of software architecture, design and quality assurance. S/he will also
 collaborate with the leadership of the Human/System Integration team to ensure that our software
products are suitable from a human factors perspective. The software products will support fast-time
and human-in-the-loop simulations and flight test activities.

8. Embedded Software Engineer - GE offers a great work environment, professional development,
challenging careers, and competitive compensation. GE is an Equal Opportunity Employer .
Employment decisions are made without regard to race, color, religion, national or ethnic origin,
sex, sexual orientation, gender identity or expression, age, disability, protected veteran status
or other characteristics protected by law. Posted Position Title Embedded Software Engineer, Jet
Engines Career Level Experienced Function Engineering/Technology Function Segment Applications and
Software Location(s) Where Opening Is Available United States U.S. State, China or Canada Provinces
Ohio City Evendale Postal Code 45241 Relocation Assistance Yes Role Summary/Purpose

9. Aircraft Design & Analysis Engineer - At Northrop Grumman, we develop cutting\-edge technology that preserves freedom and advances human discovery\. Our pioneering and
inventive spirit has enabled us to be at the forefront of numerous technological advancements
in our nation’s history \- from the first flight across the Atlantic Ocean, to stealth bombers,
to landing on the moon\. We continue to innovate with developments from launching the first
 commercial flight to space, to discovering the early beginnings of the universe\. Our employees
are not only part of history, they’re making history\.
The Flight Sciences Organization within the Aerospace Systems Engineering and Global Product
Development \(E&GPD\) organization has multiple openings for qualified applicants in the areas
of Aircraft Design & Analysis\.

10. Repair Engineer - Our client is a repair business which is headquartered in Foley, AL. The business
specializes in the maintenance and repair of nacelles – inlet and fan cowls, thrust reversers,
exhaust nozzles, pylons, and a variety of EBU (Engine Build-Up Unit) and QEC (Quick Engine Change)
components. Annual sales for the region is $115M, and we employ 300 people. The MRO Americas team
 is looking for a Repair Engineer to join our team in Foley, AL.

11. Electrical Engineering - When it comes to new products, most companies – even the best in the
 world – eventually run into an electrical engineering problem that they can’t solve or for which
they’ve run out of internal resources.  This
 is because having a technical solution to a problem isn’t enough, because the solution may be
too complex or too costly to bring their product to market.
Our Electrical Engineering expertise isn’t just about engineering. From building a protoboard to
applying DFM to manufacturability, it’s about Products Designed To Market. This means making sure
that the solution doesn’t just work, but that it gives you a highly marketable product in the real world.

12. Optical science and engineering -
Opto-Mechanical Engineering opto-mechanical engineeringCSA Group Seattle’s Opto-Mechanical Engineering and Design Services team
 designs with plastic, graphite composite, magnesium, and aluminum materials which are cast, molded
and machined. Our opto-mechanical engineers are experienced with the unique world of optical tolerances. We can rapidly
prototype our designs through fused deposition modeling, and SLA.

13. Construction engineer - The need for qualified nuclear engineers is expected to increase as
energy consumption continues to grow. Countries throughout the world increasingly rely on their
nuclear power plants for fuel production, to reduce their dependence on oil and the environmental
 impacts of fossil-fired fuel. Hundreds of additional nuclear scientists and engineers will also be
 needed each year in the United States to fill the demand in a variety of
fields such as medicine, manufacturing, agriculture, and security.

14. Drainage technology engineer - Drainage is the natural or artificial removal of surface and
sub-surface water from an area. The internal drainage of most agricultural soils is good enough to
 prevent severe waterlogging (anaerobic conditions that harm root growth), but many soils need ar
tificial drainage to improve production or to manage water supplies.

15. Environment Engineering - Since 1989, HSA Golden has provided environmental engineering and
consulting services to clients all over the world. Our practice areas include solid and hazardous
waste management, waste-to-energy, site development engineering, environmental due diligence, and
litigation support, among others. From governmental agencies and multinational, publicly traded
corporations to smaller, single-office real estate and legal firms, we are proud of not only the relationships
we have built, but also of the trust that our clients place in us.

16. Building environment and equipment engineering - Our team of experts is here for you – every
step of the way. Our In-Situ rental equipment is built by our team here in Fort Collins, CO, and an
on-site rental facility ensures you receive the best-maintained equipment in the industry. All
rental equipment is thoroughly cleaned, decontaminated, calibrated, and factory-certified
to ensure reliable operation on the job site, every time.

17. Traffic Engineer - Generate travel demand not only at driveways but also for near by
intersections and waypoints with automatic trip distribution and assignment.

18. Computer engineering and technology -An Education You Can Use – our curriculum is focused on
providing hands-on learning to expose students to the latest technology to better prepare them for
 real world applications.Support at Every Step - DeVry’s team is here to help students from
application to graduation and beyond. Our commitment to personal attention can help you start your journey today.

19. Chemical Engineering and Technology - The innovative products of chemistry lead to cutting
edge advancements—applied technology in medical devices, aerospace, computing, cars, fuels and
 more. That’s what chemistry enables: technological advancements that drive innovation, create jobs and enhance safety in our everyday lives.

20. High molecular materials and engineering - he Molecular Engineering (MolE) Ph.D. program is
an interdisciplinary graduate program housed in the Graduate School, supported by the Molecular
Engineering & Sciences Institute, and administered by an interdisciplinary committee with
representatives from Bioengineering, Chemical Engineering, Chemistry, Electrical Engineering,
Computer Science, Physics, Materials Sciences & Engineering, and Mechanical Engineering.  The
 program offers the opportunity to work with over 100 faculty members from 14 different departments,
 provides access to the state of the art Molecular Analysis Facility, and also
 provides paid tuition combined with a highly competitive salary.

21. Food technologist engineer - Streamline your onsite digital marketing Increase efficiency with better management of menu boards and tablets
Entice your patrons to download your loyalty app Promote your restaurant to a larger consumer audience
Increase your walk-in traffic Encourage strategic impulse buys Manage it all through one cloud-based platform

22. Biological Engineering - Biological engineering or bio-engineering (including biological systems engineering) is the application of concepts and methods of biology (and secondarily of physics, chemistry, mathematics, and computer science) to
solve real-world problems related to life sciences or the application thereof, using engineering's
 own analytical and synthetic methodologies and also its traditional sensitivity to the cost and
practicality of the solution(s) arrived at. In this context, while traditional engineering applies
physical and mathematical sciences to analyze, design and manufacture inanimate tools, structures
and processes, biological engineering uses primarily the rapidly developing body of knowledge known
as molecular biology to study and advance applications of organisms and to create biotechnology.This
 may eventually include the possibility of biologically engineering machines that re-order matter
 at a molecular scale. Physicist Richard Feynman theorized about the idea of a medical use for
these biological machines, introduced into the body, to repair or detect damages and infections.
. Feynman and Albert Hibbs suggested that it might one day be possible to (as Feynman put it) "swallow
the doctor". The idea was discussed in Feynman's 1959 essay There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom.

U1 - Homework 1

ian :
1. Road construction
2. historian
3. beautician
4. musician
5. politician
6. electrician
7. librarian
8. dietician
9. mathematician
10. foundatian
er :
1. roofer
2. gardener
3. baker
4. doctor
5. server
6. singer
7. waiter
8. actor
9. baby sitter
10.proferssor
ist :
1. journalist
2. florist
3. cellist
4. biologist
5. cyclist
6. scientist
7. machinist
8. flautist
9. speccialist
10.chemist